Living out of non-living: philosophical issues of artificial life
Author presents analysis of the key interpretations of artificial life (AL) and gives theirphilosophical explications. The starting point of the article is change of the historical situation frominformation epoch to artificial life epoch. "Artificial life" appeared in late 1980s as a new scientificdiscipline and technology on the intersection of mathematics, artificial intelligence, biology, cognitivesciences. However now it is tending to become a new cultural paradigm. Philosophy is considered tobe a cultural reflection and construction of new technology.There are ten key propositions discussed in the article:1) AL as an adaptive behavior - a technical imitation of animal behavior.2) AL as a symbolic model of structural and behavioral aspects of the living - life alienated insymbolic form.3) AL as a model of ecosystems and evolution in biosphere - virtual ecosystems.4) AL as computational models of hypercreative\generative evolutionary process.5) AL as a structural evolution of autonomous artificial creatures with their own "relevance criteria"for evolving structure.6) AL as a methodology and technology alternative to Artificial Intelligence - a "bottom-up" ALapproachinstead of "up-bottom" in AI.7) AL as a design of techno-biological symbiotic forms - a technological intervention in biologicalrealm.8) AL as a creation of new biological entities - purely artificial living forms.9) AL as a creation of virtual digital replicas of existing living creatures - digitized cognitive activities.10) AL as a state of the art scientific theoretical interpretation or scheme based on biology,mathematics, cognitive sciences and informatics.Author considers these propositions as a background for formulation of the "strong" criteria forartificial life (similar to the concept of "strong" artificial intelligence). Author concludes that there is anew integral philosophical approach to artificial life is needed and suggests one under the name oftechnological creationism. Technological creationism pretends to overcome conceptual limitations ofevolutionism, metaphysical creationism and transhumanism. Its major task is explications of the"strong" criteria of artificial life and clarifications of the "weak" partial technological approaches.
Keywords
искусственная жизнь,
технологический креационизм,
artificial life,
technological creationismAuthors
| Galkin D.V. | Tomsk State University | gdv_t@mail.ru |
Всего: 1
References
Бедо М. Исследование гипертворчества человека с помощью технологии искусственной жизни // Biomediale. Современное общество и геномная культура / Государственный центр современного искусства (Калининградский филиал). Калининград: Янтарный спас, 2004. С. 216- 227.
Dennett D. Artificial Life as Philosophy // Artificial Life. An Overview / Ed. by Langton C. Boston: MIT Press, 5th edition 2000 (1995). P. 291-293.
Riskin J. (ed.) Genesis Reduxe: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Artificial Life. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Винер Н. Кибернетика, или Управление и связь в животном и машине. М.: Советское радио, 1958.
Burnham J. Beyond Modern Sculpture: The Effects of Science and Technology on the Sculpture of This Century. George Braziller, New York, 4th Edition, 1975.
Varela F., Maturana H. and Uribe R. Autopoesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model // Biosystems.1974. Vol. 5. P. 187-196.
Reynolds C.W. Boids Demos // Langton C. (ed.) Artificial Life II Video Proceedings. Redwood City: Addison-Wesley, 1992. P. 15-19.
Meyer J. and Wilson S. (eds.) From Animals to Animats. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Maes P. Modeling Adaptive Autonomous Agents // Artificial Life. An Overview / Ed. by Langton C., Boston: MIT Press 5th edition 2000 (1995).
Цетлин М.Л. Исследования по теории автоматов и моделирование биологических систем. М.: Наука, 1969. 316 с.
Турчин В.Ф. Феномен науки. Кибернетический подход к эволюции. М.: Наука, 1993.
Редько В.Г. От моделей поведения к искусственному интеллекту. 2-е изд., стереот. Науки об искусственном. М.: URSS, 2010. 456 с.
Редько В.Г. Эволюционная кибернетика. На пути к теории происхождения мышления. М.: УРСС, 2005.
Гаазе-Рапопорт М.Г., Поспелов Д.А. От амебы до робота: модели поведения. М.: Наука, 1987.
Brooks R.A. Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.
Langton C. G. (Ed.) Artificial Life: Proceedings of An Interdisciplinary Workshop On The Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (Santa Fe Institute Series). Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1989.
Дасгупта В. (ред.) Искусственные иммунные системы. М.: Физматлит, 2006.
Dawkins R. The Blind Watchmaker. Penguin Books, 1986.
Sims K. Evolved Virtual Creatures // Future Cinema. The Cinematic Imaginary after Film / Ed. By J. Show and P. Weibel. Cambridge;London: MIT Press (Leonardo books), 2003. P. 152-155.
Bedau M. What is life? / S. Sarkar and A. Plutynski, eds. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2007. P. 455-471.
Cariani P. To Evolve an Ear: Epistemological Implications of Gordon Pask's Electrochemical Devices // Systems Research. 1993. Vol. 10 (3). P. 19-33.
Cariani P. Some epistemological implications of devices which construct their own sensors and effectors // F. Varela and P. Bourgine (ed.). Towards a Practice of Autonomous Systems. Cambridge; Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992.
Whitelaw M. Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life. Cambridge; London: MIT Press (Leonardo books), 2004.
Varela F.J. and Bourgine P. (eds.) Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992.
Редько В.Г. Проблема происхождения интеллекта // Вопросы философии. 2008. № 12. С. 76-83.
Daniel G. Gibson, John I. Glass, Carole Lartigue et al. Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome // Science. 2010. 2 July. P. 52-56.
Bostrom N. The Future of Humanity // New Waves in Philosophy of Technology / eds. Jan- Kyrre Berg Olsen, Evan Selinger, & Soren Riis. N.Y.: Palgrave McMillan, 2009.
