The concept of desperation and formation of subjectivity: principlesof construction

In the article, there is a vector of the attitude of theWestern European culture towards the desperation phenomenon defined as something Other than reason.Such markers of desperation as crime, perversion, and illness formed practices of exclusion of thatphenomenon from culture. There is an effort to comprehend contemporaneity as a legitimate acknowledgementof the whole world of tragic without any true name existing beyond the rational language. Inthe article, there is a consideration of possibilities of formation of subjectivity proceeding from acknowledgementof heterogeneous human nature. If social order is determined by the language of subjectivityand is always formed as a capacity to generate speaking (to speak coherent judgement), it isnecessary to reconsider the tradition of legitimate subject as a stable and linearly determined by thegeneral social order in the situation of rejection of extreme objectivism of classical rationality andartistic modernism. Weve focused on formation of subjectivity in two trends of modern philosophy -psychoanalysis and schizoanalysis, which study the process and heterogeneity of formation of subjectivity.Accordingly, we point out psychoanalytical and schizophrenic practices of subjectivization. Thefield of human desperation (insanity) corresponds to the unconscious. The distinction of those subjectivitypractices is set by an attitude to desperation determining a motif of subjectivization: while Freudlegitimates desperation (insanity) through a connection of a speech flow (of desperation) with everydaysocial reality, Deleuze allows it to happen. Psychoanalytical subjectivization is formed accordingto the scientific principle: Freud found a legitimate area rather limited by social norms, to whichone could reduce all immensity of the unconsciousness. The structure of Ego is a centre for such subjectivityand it maintains a constant connection of all the strata of a personality by making a unidirectionalline from the source, the unconsciousness, to a conceptually formed consciousness. Schizophrenicsubjectivization is formed acoording to the principle of inversion, where the difference betweeninternal and external disappears, and, instead of a strict and vertical structure of a personality,we get surface effects - events.

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