The Maasai of Tanzania: problems of sustainable development in the Ngorongoro conservation area
The article discusses problems of sustainable development and traditional use of natural resources by the Maasai - one of the cattle-breeding peoples of Northern Tanzania -on the territory of the Ngorongoro conservation area. The authors compare the Maasai economic practices in this area and in the adjacent non-protected area of Loliondo. The article gives a review of the history of conflicts here and of possible ways of their resolution taking into account the experience accumulated by Russia and the world. The authors show that successful conservation of valuable landscapes and habitats is possible if there are competent planning and coordinated action on the part of both conservation areas administration and local tribes.
Keywords
Танзания,
масаи,
Нгоронгоро,
Лолиондо,
земельные конфликты,
устойчивое развитие,
Tanzania,
Maasai,
Ngorongoro,
Loliondo,
land conflicts,
sustainable developmentAuthors
Butovskaya Marina L. | Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russian State University for the Humanities | marina.butovskaya@gmail.com |
Butovskiy Ruslan O. | Russian Scientific Research Institute 'Ecology' | marina.butovskaya@gmail.com |
Всего: 2
References
Бутовская М.Л. Масаи Нгоронгоро: парадокс законодательных ограничений хозяйственной деятельности и лучшей сохранности традиционной культуры в условиях природоохранной территории // Антропология в поисках нового языка описания: Тезисы. Томск: Изд-во Том. ун-та, 2016. С. 93-94
Каганский В.Л., Родоман Б.Б. Культура в ландшафте и ландшафт в культуре // Наука о культуре: итоги и перспективы. Информационно-аналитический сборник. М.: Изд-во РГБ, 1995. Вып. 3. С. 2-4
Калуцков В.Н. Основы культурного ландшафтоведения. М.: МГУ, 2000
Крупник И.И. Арктическая этноэкология. Модели традиционного природопользования морских охотников и оленеводов в Северной Евразии. М.: Наука, 1989
Меркушина Т., Новиков В. Заповедных территорий должно быть больше // Югра. 1998. № 2. С. 27-31
Транин А.А. Территории традиционного природопользования коренных малочисленных народов Российского Севера (проблемы и перспективы) / Под ред. М.М. Бринчук. М.: ИГП РАН, 2010
Федеральный закон от 7 мая 2001 г. № 49-ФЗ «О территориях традиционного природопользования коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации». URL: http://ivo.garant.ru/#/document/12122856 (дата обращения: 26.03.2017)
Шульгин П.М. Концепция культурного ландшафта и практика охраны этнографического наследия (на примере территорий российского Севера) // Мир России. 2007. № 3. С. 147-166
Barton D., Morton J., Hendy C. Drought contingency planning for pastoral livelihoods. Policy series 15. NRI. Univ. Greenwich, 2001
Boone R.B., Coughenour M.B., Galvin K.A., Ellis J.E. Addressing management questions for Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, using the SAVANNA modelling system // African Journal of Ecology. 2002. Vol. 40. P. 138-150
Brown L.H. Pastoral people and conservation // Conservation for survival - Ethiopia's choice, Haile Selassie. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1973. P. 67-76
Buzinde Ch., Kalavar J., Melubo K. Tourism and community well-being: The case of the Maasai in Tanzania // Annals of Tourism Research. 2014. Vol. 44. P. 20-35
Coast E. Maasai demography. Diss. University of London, University College London, 2001
Conde Nast Traveller. Last days of the Masai? 2010. By Joshua Hammer 14 p. URL: http://www. cntraveler. com/stories/2010-10-19/last-days-of-the-masai (дата обращения: 23.03.2017)
Coppock D.L. The Borana Plateau of southern Ethiopia: synthesis of pastoral research, development and change, 1980-91 // Systems Study № 5. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1994
Field C.R., Moll G., ole Sonkoi C. Livestock Development // Multiple Land-Use: The Experience of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge. UK: IUCN, 1997. P. 181-199
Fratkin E. Aridal pastoralists of Northern Kenya: surviving drought and development in Africa's arid lands // Cultural survival studies in ethnicity and change. Needham Heights. Nass.: Allyn and Bacon, 1998
Fratkin E., Mearns R. Sustainability and pastoral livelihoods: lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia // Human Organization. 2003. Vol. 62, № 2. P. 112-122
Galvin K., Thornton P., de Pinho J., Sutherland J., Boone R.B. Integrated modelling and its potential for resolving conflicts between conservation and people in the rangelands of East Africa // Human Ecology. 2006. Vol. 34, № 2. P. 155-183
Homewood K.M., Rodgers W.A. Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development & Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. Cambridge Studies in Applied Ecology & Resource Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers, 1991
Ikanda D., Packer C. Ritual vs retaliatory killing of lions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Tanzania // Endangered Species Research. 2008. Vol. l, № 6. P. 67-74
Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas Principles, Guidelines and Case Studies. Edited and coordinated by Javier Beltran. Series Editor: Adrian Phillips World Commission on Protected Areas. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series № 4 IUCN. The World Conservation Union. 2000
IWGIA. The indigenous world. A Yearbook. 2016а
IWGIA Report 23. Tanzanian Pastoralists Threatened: Evictions, Human Rights Violations and Loss of Livelihoods. IWGIA with PINGO's Forum, PAICODEO and UCRT. 2016b. 91 p
Lynn S.J. Conservation policy and local ecology: Effects on Maasai land use patterns and human welfare in northern Tanzania. M.S. thesis. Colorado State University, Colorado, 2000
Mearns R. Contextual factors in the management of common grazing lands: lessons from Mongolia and Northwestern China. World Bank, Washington DC, USA. URL: http://www.internationalgrasslands.org/files/igc/publications/2001/tema29-2.pdf (дата обращения: 23.03.2017)
Neumann R.P. Land, justice and the politics of conservation in Tanzania // People, Plants, and Justice: The politics of Nature Conservation / ed. by Ch. Zerner. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2000. P. 117-133
Ngoitiko M., Sinandei M., Meitaya P., Nelson F. Pastoral activists: negotiating power imbalances in the Tanzanian Serengeti // Community rights, conservation & contested land. The politics of natural resource governance in Africa. London: Earthscan, 2010. P. 269-289
Olenasha W., Seki W., Kaisoe M. Case Study 4: Tanzania: The conflict between conventional conservation strategies and indigenous conservation systems. The Case study of Ngorongoro Conservation Area. 2001. URL: http://www.forestpeoples.org (дата обращения: 23.03.2017)
Steen E. Drylands of the third world: potential for future development // Ambio. 1994. Vol. 23. P. 458-460
Tarayia G.N. The Legal Perspectives of the Maasai Culture, Customs, and Traditions // Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. Law. 2004. Vol. 21. P. 183-193
Thompson D.M. Multiple Land-Use: The Experience of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, 1997. P. 417-440
TNRF & Maliasili Initiatives. Integrating pastoralist livelihoods and wildlife conservation? Options for land use and conflict resolution in Loliondo Division, Ngorongoro District. Arusha, Tanzania: Tanzania Natural Resource Forum (TNRF). 2011. URL: http://www.maliasili.org/technicalreports (дата обращения: 23.03.2017)